Margaret Sanger

Margaret Higgins Sanger ( 1879- 1966), was an American Pioneer in the birth control movement, was born in corning, New York., on September 14, 1879, the sixth of eleven children. Educated at Claverack College and Hudson River Institute, she hoped to become a physician but was obliged to compromise on nursing. She married William Sanger in 1990, and although they were divorced in 1913, she retained his name for professional purposes even after her marriage to J. N. H. slee the following year.As a nurse in New York City, Mrs. Sanger became aware of the poverty and death resulting from over- large families and abortions.   Prevented by the Comstock Law of 1873 from providing a formation on contraception, 1912 she wrote two series of articles â€Å"What Every Mother should know† and â€Å"What Every Girl should know†. In 1914 she founded the National Birth Control League and established a monthly magazine, The Woman Rebel. The next year she circulated through the mail a p amphlet, Family Limitations, for which she was indicated; but the case was dropped.In 1916 Mrs. Sanger opened the first birth-control clinic in America, in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn. She was again indicted and served 30 days in prison. In the same year she established the Birth Control Review, which she continued to publish until 1928.Seeking to persuade both the medical profession and the public of the importance of her cause, Mrs. Sanger traveled throughout the country and the world on lecture. She organized the first national and international birth control conferences. In 1923, she established the Clinical Research Bureau, staffed with physicians, social workers and technicians. In a police raid on the clinic in 1926, doctors’ records were seized.As a result of this violation of the principle of medical privacy, the profession rallied to defend its right to dispense the information where it was considered advisable, and the clinic resumed its work. In 1932, with the sponsorship of many Protestant Churches organizations, Mrs. Sanger initiated the national Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control. Four years later, a U.S District Court upheld the right of physicians to became obsolete. In 1937 the American Medical Association publicly endorsed birth control.The National Birth Control League and the clinics were combined in 1942 in the Planned Parenthood Association of America, with Mrs. Sanger as honorary chairman. For the purpose of checking the world population explosion, this was later expanded into the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Among her works are The Case for Birth Control in1917; The Pivot of Civilization in 1922; My Fight for Birth Control in 1931; and Margaret Sanger, an Autobiography in 1938.Margaret Sanger is considered as one of the Nursing Leader along with her are Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Lillian Wald, Lavinia Dock and Mary Breckinridge. Sanger made a notable contribution both to nursing h istory and also in the women’s history. She was a politically astute pioneer. Her skills at influencing others and bringing about change remain models for political nurse activists today.As a public health nurse in New York, she was much exposed to the country’s social problems such as abortion. She made a lasting impact on women’s health care. Her imprisonment in the opening of her first birth control information in America did not stop her from doing service with her fellow men. She is considered founder of Planned Parenthood. Her experience with the large number of unwanted pregnancies among the working poor was instrumental in addressing this problem.Margaret Sanger died in Tuscon, Arizona on September 6, 1966 due to Tuberculosis and Cervical Cancer. What she had undergone during her pregnancies where in she had some miscarriages also led her to the idea of Life and Health protection. She is considered as one of the most important person in this century due to her great contributions and mind opening ideas about contraception and life preservation. She really defended the rights of women and the protection of their health by making the Planned Parenthood and the establishment of birth control practice.Poverty did not stop Margaret Sanger from being a successful nurse. She wanted to be a doctor but just settled in nursing. As she opened her first clinic, her purposed persons were the poor and rich individuals in America. The Victorians and other physicians refuted and rebutted Sanger’s ideas. Due to this event, she left the league and started to have teachings in the different social class in America about planning and the importance of the health of the women in bearing children. Through this, Sanger had educated a great number of individuals whom she has helped with her client teachings.It is because of Margaret Sanger that birth control are widely distributed and are of easy reach to those individuals who needed it the most. W hat she established did great impacts on the U.S society that until is being followed and widely used also worldwide. If it is not for Sanger, we would not be made educate on the proper planning of having kids and to avoid abortion because life is precious and is a gift. Her established plans and projects helped in starting or developing Planned Parenthood and National Organizations for Women which the only aim is to protect the women from any forms of health illness.Also, through Sanger; many denominations perceive birth control in a different perspective. Although there are still some Religion that is really against it, the good things is that it is only a minority. Many of the different denominations worldwide are following her ideas about planning to have children. Sanger fought for the rights of the women being easily exploited by the men because of uneducation about their health and what are the things they are ought to do. She was very much sensitive to the needs of the women , maybe due to what she experienced and what she saw from her beloved mother.She viewed Sexuality as a form frailty. She also perceived firmly that Masturbation was perilous because for her this habit is one thing that once you started will never be out from your system, you will always find time to do it and seek its happening. Sanger also believed that if you masturbate a lot, there is a tendency that you have a poor possibility to do sexual intercourse in a natural way. She also perceives that Masturbation is not just doing it physically but by also letting the mind work. A teenager, a young man or woman imagines sexually explicit things in her mind and when this is always being done this comes out naturally.She also is an advocate of Eugenics, the process of selective breeding to improve heredity. She believed that all should be respected and heard regarding ones views and perception. She was imprisoned several times due to her ideas about parenthood planning but still she conti nued until she became successful in her field of expertise. She now is symbolic person who contributed much to the world’s awareness and especially in the awareness of the American Society.Although instigated by organizations that are for or pro for life, she continued to do her part to help the women. Many leaders admired her and one of them was Martin Luther. Indeed Sanger left a legacy that all of the people when they will come to know and understand, will really admire her for her strength and her courage to fight for the rights of the women amidst the persecutors around her. She was such a woman sympathizer, a woman who was toughen by time and experiences would also want to help other women to be healthy , be protected from diseases, and have the right to promote and plan a family.Until her death, she believed that abortion is really a wrong choice. Abortion is the expulsion of a fetus inside a womb and not considering the period abortion is performed, it is still a sin because a there is already a life existing inside the womb of the woman; may it be just 1 week or 2 weeks. For Sanger, Contraception is the best way to plan and establish a family of ones own. Contraception is not that dangerous as with abortion, Contraception is very much secured from any forms of danger and most of all, it does not cost you to sin just to be freed from the situation you are in. it gives you a clear conscience and guilt about the preservation and protection of human life especially in planning a family.References:Halsey, William. Margaret Sanger. 1988. Johnston, Bernard. Margaret Higgins Sanger. 1986. Kozier, et al. Fundamentals of Nursing. Pages 7- 8. Prentice Hall, 2004. â€Å"Margaret Sanger†. Collier’s Encyclopedia. Volume 18. U.S.A 1962. â€Å"Sanger, Margaret†. Compton’s Encyclopedia. Volume 20. Tribune Publishing Company, 1995.

`In Another Country` By E. Hemingway Essay

Hemingway creates a powerful and true-to-life story about real experience of many soldiers who came home but remember all casualties and hardship they were faced with during the WWI. On the other hand, their stories full of bravery, honor and courage. They need to adapt to new world, but the only way for them is to change their habits and personal values. Settings and objects reflect inner psychological state of the characters and help readers to grasp the idea at once, follow plot development and conflict resolution. Thesis In the short story, settings and objects help the author to reflect inner psychological experience of soldiers and emotional burden of the war. The hospital serves as a symbol that represents pain and sufferings, death and hopes. This setting gives insight analysis of deep personal feelings of soldiers and their experience during this war time. Within the story Hemingway skillfully portrays casualties of the ar underlining the evolution of characters, their emotional state, caused by sufferings and enormous psychological burden carried by soldiers after the war. â€Å"We were all at the hospital every afternoon, and there were different ways of walking across the town through the dusk to the hospital† (Hemingway). According to Neiberg (2004), the war experience was the shock for the main characters who return home. Hemingway depicts that this is the most difficult time for all soldiers to come to grips with changes occurred in their native countries and communities. He symbolically describes this experience as ‘a bridge’ between war and old life. â€Å"You crossed a bridge across a canal to enter the hospital. There was a choice of three bridges† (Hemingway, n.d. ). This setting underlines that every solder can choose his life path, but all of them are joined by war memories and feelings. Deep human emotions embroil reality and imaginary world of the hero, but Hemingway leaves it to readers to decide what is the most important for the soldiers and what is real for them. The author gives only some hints to the reader to comprehend the meaning of the bridge. It implies not only wisdom, but also the whole life of a person, who has a right to choose which path to go, it represents isolation and rejection of reality. Hemingway describes only one of them underlining that the main characters were suppressed by circumstances and could choose their life path: â€Å"On one of them a woman sold roasted chestnuts† (Hemingway, n. d. ). In â€Å"In Another Country†, the town reflects inner psychological experience of the friends. The main setting, â€Å"the Cova†, appears in the story several times. The narrator pays a special attention to it which reflects his psychological experience and perception of events around him. The narrator uses the following descriptions of it: â€Å"Although, as we walked to the Cova through the though part of town, walking in the dark, with light and singing coming out of the wine-shops† (Hemingway, n. d. ). It is possible to say that the character development is â€Å"slow†, because the main heroes do not want to make any changes in their life resisting strongly modern world they enter (Nagel, 1996). Physical settings of the story depict new world and changes. To some extent, they reflect the personality of the men and their reaction towards new world. The setting of ‘the Cova’ symbolizes unity and friendship, mutual understanding and support. Psychological pressure is caused by war, but Hemingway portrays it symbolically through material and emotional experience, evolution of emotional perception of the world and values. â€Å"The girls at the Cova were very patriotic, and I found that the most patriotic people in Italy were the cafe girls – and I believe they are still patriotic† (Hemingway, n. d. ). Social context of the short story helps to understand resistance of the main characters to accept novelty. After the war, they come to another alien world they know nothing about. Hemingway does not speak directly but the main problem mentioned by Neiberg (2004) is that nobody wants to listen to old soldiers and their war stories being sick and tired of casualties of war. In the story Hemingway uses a lot of symbolic details that helps to unveil the message of the story and create a unique atmosphere of events take place after the war time. â€Å"Machine† represents the hope to recover. Although, many soldiers do not believe in this treatment method like â€Å"the major who came very regularly to the hospital. I do not think he ever missed a day, although I am sure he did not believe in the machines† (Hemingway, n. d. ). â€Å"Machine† represents escape from reality and society in general. On the other hand, ‘Machine’ shows that past experience is more essential for the main characters than their present and future. The character of the major teaches viewers to distinguish between social prestige and moral worth. The major’s attitude towards war is not accompanied by a moral decline but shows that there is no difference for society between true stories and imaginary tales. The main heroes try to escape from this new world and new setting in the hospital as the only possible way to overcome enormous emotional and psychological pressure. From the psychological point of view, the image of hero represented by the four men is caused by the feeling of personal freedom and courage. Social values help to form their individual identities and let them stand out from the crowd. In this case, the soldiers embody personal democracy which is closely connected with love and adventures. Hemingway took part in the WWI and knew from his own experience what courage meant (Meyers 1997). The medals are another important objects which reflects proud and courage. â€Å"We all had the same medals, except the boy with the black silk bandage across his face, and he had not been at the front long enough to get any medals† (Hemingway, n. d. ). Society’s response to heroism defines it as a set of behavior patters and beliefs that valued by the society. To some extent, the soldiers inherit the ideals of the dream, such as personal freedom and social justice. In some cases, world order and justice can be achieved only in blood battles with enemies, so the heroes had to use to use their physical strength against evil. They were persons who took risks: â€Å"I would imagine myself having done all the things they had done to get their medals† (Hemingway, n. d. ). Using the setting of the hospital, the symbol of the machine and medals, Hemingway depicts that the men live in the past where everything is familiar to them: battles, human relations, settings. Within the story Hemingway shows that the core difference between a soldiers and a civilian is in their inner perception of the world. A civilian does not constantly understand all the duties he might to discharge and obligations he might to carry out. As a soldier, a man does not rely upon the others; he is the only one who makes decisions and answer for the consequences (Bourne, 2001). â€Å"The three with the medals were like hunting-hawks; and I was not a hawk, although I might seem a hawk to those who had never hunted† (Hemingway, n. d. ). To some extent, the evolution of characters depicts the state of maturity which cannot be measured by knowledge level or life struggles. It is an attitude of a soldier towards life, his ability to rule it and the ability to accept the reality. Through the settings and objects unveils Hemingway the issue of moral health of the soldiers and evolution of personality. He depicts that in spite of all the negative life lessons soldiers understand what it is to be an individual. Hemingway shows that the inner state of the soldiers has changed. On the other hand, war causes people to become insensitive. The settings of the hospital and the town are powerful reflecting inner state of the men and giving some hints to readers to imagine their feelings and emotional state. Through the detailed settings the story suggests something of the historical loss for the men of transferring the sense of self to relationships with civil society. Works Cited Page 1. Bourne, J. M. Who’s Who in world War One. Routledge, 2001 2. Hemingway, E. In Another Country. n. d. 3. Meyers, J. Ernest Hemingway: The Critical Heritage. Routledge, 1997. 4. Nagel, J. Ernest Hemingway: The Oak Park Legacy. University of Alabama Press, 1996. 5. Neiberg, M. S. Warfare & Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present. Routledge, 2004.

Analysis Price Of The Unipacket Petrol

The present project is the analysis of the data we collected. The data was collected from four locations – Inner city, Outskirts of city, Suburbs and remote regions. The data regarding the oil prices were collected from equal number of locations. The brands of oils were Shell and Caltex. Data was collected from 224 stations, equally divided amongst the two stations. The response variable of the study is the price of the unipacket petrol. The independent variables are the station from which the petrol is being purchased and the location of the petrol station. The research question for the project is: Does location of the station affect the price of petrol? To answer the above research question three hypothesis were developed. Null Hypothesis: The station brand has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate hypothesis: The station brand has an effect on the price of petrol. Null Hypothesis: The Location of the station has no effect on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The Location of the station has an effect on the price of petrol Null Hypothesis: There is no effect of the station brand and the location of the petrol station on the price of petrol Alternate Hypothesis: The station brand and the location of the petrol station is linked by the price of petrol. To answer the above question we used the two factorial ANOVA. Table 1: Frequency of Station brand and Location of the petrol station Table 2: Descriptive statistics of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station a. R Squared = .416 (Adjusted R Squared = .397) Table 3: Between subject effects of the price of petrol based on the Station brand and Location of the station From table 3 we find that there are statistically significant interaction between the station brand of petrol and the location of the petrol station, F(3,216)= 40.393, p = 0.000. We also find that there are statistically significant differences between the station brand and the price of petrol F(1,216)=6.272, p = 0.013. In addition, we also find that there are statistically significant differences between the location of the petrol station and the price of the petrol F(3,216) = 8.843, p = 0.000. From figure 1 and table 2 we find that the price of station brand â€Å"S† petrol is the lowest at the outskirts of the city, and the highest at the remote region. The price of station brand â€Å"NS† is the highest at the outskirts of the city and the lowest at the inner city location. From the above analysis we find that the price of unipacket petrol varies with the location and the brand of petrol station. With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Swear Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Swear - Essay Example I did notice though that so many people employ profane words as part of their basic English. I find the practice in general to be offensive and also to be a sure sign of ignorance. One can walk a city street anywhere and hear phrases peppered with the "F-bomb" and what not. For example "I need cash but I can't find a F------ ATM machine". I go about my daily business without having to caution myself in cursing thus this assignment was not one that I found to be challenging. I did note however, that I was intensely alert to those cursing around me. I wonder what would happen if people actually listened to themselves speak. We have a moment, and only a fleeting one after that first impression, to alter it. After one looks at us, they hear us speak. We usually use our voices to deliver a message to others. That message can be taken as true or false. That message can be delivered by one who is deemed intelligent or intellectually challenged. Cursing by no means conveys an intelligent thought. Some think that by adding a curse word they are delivering the word to follow it with an emphasized delivery, but it is not so. People like myself do not find ourselves amused or threatened by one who curses. Curse words are nothing more than wasted air and their effect can only be described as revolting. I don't have to refrain from cursing because I find the practice to be disgusting and a sign of stupidity.

Good performance appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Good performance appraisal - Essay Example Consequently, some employers use pure objective measures for workers with entry-level or repetitive jobs. Performance, therefore, is a function of executing (or not executing) some specific task (Boxall & Purcell, 2003, p. 14). However, some jobs such as those of attorneys and data analysts cannot be measured easily. Therefore, employers will identify measurement categories – for example, teamwork, customer service or professionalism. Survivors offer a numeric score, which represents the employer’s perceived element of categorization, but the question whether a rating is correct is a matter of interpretation. Objective measures are effective in situations where each worker can be assessed directly and his or her performance compared with that of another worker. However, objective measures are ineffective where supervisors distill sophisticated processes into simple scores, which may not be meaningful in reality (Pauwe & Boselie, 2005, p. 80). Subjective measures are effective at allowing supervisors to exercise judgment over a worker’s performance in sophisticated systems. However, if the worker/ employer relationship is strained, workers may view negative ratings as either unfair or punitive (Stiles et al., 1997, p. 59). Some employers use a hybrid system of evaluation – some measures are subjective, and some are objective (Pauwe & Boselie, 2005, p. 74). Because there is no purely right way of performance appraisal, managers should develop systems of assessment that match the standards of the industries in which they operate and typical employee works (Pauwe & Boselie, 2005, p. 77). For instance, a company engaging in the sale of cell phones might measure the sum of dollars sold by the sales representative and give them a score based on whether they achieved certain goals. On the other hand, a marketing agency might obtain feedback from the clients

Hells Angels and Their Connection to Organized Crime Term Paper

Hells Angels and Their Connection to Organized Crime - Term Paper Example According to the term paper "Hell Angels and their connection to Organized Crime" findings the longtime organization, Hells Angels have contributed to legendary stories that spread about their power and popularity. Because of these stories and the publicity smacks, many people started wondering if they were mere coincidences. Hells Angels have still continued to persuade the public that they are not anything more than a dedicated group who has the deep love for motorcycles and long road trips. But it seems like the international law enforcement thinks otherwise and this is why there have been immense crime reports about the Hells Angels and their members. These reports have increased ever since 1969 and increasingly they are seen on media due to the attempt they made to assassin Mick Jagger after he pointed the finger at them at the bust of stabbing death of a member of the audience at a Rolling Stones concert, yet, all this happens after the 60th anniversary of the Hells Angels. Alt hough most of the historians are confident about the fact that the organization started in March 1948 in California, there are still some groups of the organization where members still debate about when and who started Hells Angels. It was started in California as motorcycles and racing cars were popular in those areas. The name came from the Flying Tigers in WWII and was subtitled to be â€Å"Hell’s Angels† on votes by the 303rd Bombardment Group. Arvid Olsen had officially given the name Hells Angels Motorcycle Club.... Because of these stories and the publicity smacks, many people started wondering if they were merely coincidences. Hells Angels have still continued to persuade the public that they are not anything more than a dedicated group who has deep love for motorcycles and long road trips. But it seems like the international law enforcement thinks otherwise and this is why there have been immense crime reports about the Hells Angels and their members. These reports have increased ever since 1969 and increasingly they are seen on media due to the attempt they made to assassin Mick Jagger after he pointed the finger at them at the bust of stabbing death of a member of the audience at a Rolling Stones concert, yet, all this happens after the 60th anniversary of the Hells Angels. Although, most of the historians are confident about the fact that the organization started in March, 1948 in California, there are still some groups of the organization where members still debate about when and who star ted Hells Angels. It was started in California as motorcycles and racing cars were popular in those areas. The name came from the Flying Tigers in WWII and was subtitled to be â€Å"Hell’s Angels† on votes by the 303rd Bombardment Group. Arvid Olsen had officially given the name Hells Angels Motorcycle Club when they started operating in motorcycles as it was becoming the most popular pastime in America and elsewhere. When the organization had become a common name taken in the media for many of the reports that were made about them, one of the news also held that some of the trouble pilots in the WWII had contributed in starting and Hells Angels and joined it. Hells Angels disregarded this notion and pointed out that other than

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example This type of leadership employs the principle of "management by exception", which simply means that if something is operating to expectations, it needs no further attention. However, when expectations are exceeded, a citation is conferred; disciplinary or corrective sanctions are applied for performance below expectations. Transactional Leadership is therefore a contingency-based management style where reward or punishment is dependent on performance (Changing Minds.org, 2009). Transformational leadership on the other hand presupposes leadership by inspiration. Vision and passion are incumbent upon the leader in order to engage followers. Enthusiasm and energy are the fuel by which the leader-follower relationship thrives on. Transformative leaders create followers, by carefully building trust through personal integrity, which is a decisive element of the relationship. "Transformational leaders sell themselves as well as the vision." (Changing Minds.org, 2009) The great English statesman, orator and journalist Winston Churchill exhibited the dominant traits of a transformative leader. His fortitude and resolve helped propped the British nation and the Allied forces in the face of relentless and aggressive of the German-led Axis alliance during the Second World War.

Knowledge management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Knowledge management - Essay Example Conversely, knowledge management views knowledge as a tacit concept that is resident in individuals and organizations. Information management seeks to enhance internal processes and ensure the quality of business operations whilst knowledge management seeks to facilitate knowledge-rich relations and support ongoing innovation and development. Most Information Management Systems are based on business processes that are clearly defined, relatively stable and involve similar objects such as applications, invoices, and orders. Examples of such business processes include production processes, logistics, and administration. On the other hand, knowledge management systems are dynamic and difficult to predict because different times and situations need different knowledge. The people involved in knowledge management do not need information. Rather, they look for background information, argumentations, conclusions, methods, opinions, analyses and best practices. Knowledge management strategy is primarily the domain of human resource director and its significance to the director explains this. The strategy helps formalize, store, share, distribute, and coordinate an organization’s knowledge assets all of which are functions that touch on the work of the human resource director. The director is able to modify the culture of an organization in such a way that the organization’s values and norms seamlessly connect with the knowledge management strategy. Human resource director is able to promote a climate of trust and commitment in an organization in order to make it easy to manage knowledge. This director has the capacity to organize an organization’s employees in to networks, teams, and communities of practice in order to enhance sharing of knowledge. The strategy also helps human resource director to influence an organization to adopt policies that encourage the hiring and

The Level of Empathy in Waste Land Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Level of Empathy in Waste Land - Essay Example The task of having to go through the process of capturing events on film without instigation to preserve objectivity is one that is an integral part of the entire process. At the same time, to be able to keep in mind that they are working with people yields the necessity of participating. The fact that Muniz was already involved and is in charge of the process gives the filmmakers the chance to encapsulate the interaction between the world-renowned Brazilian contemporary artist and his advocacy to help. As the director herself has pointed out, â€Å"There’s no limit to the responsibility you have as a documentary filmmaker to portray ordinary people. I think it’s fantastic that in the film, you see Vik arguing with his wife about whether to bring to London or not for the auction† (Steinberg, n.p.). This scene actually built the most tension and a thought-provoking one in fact as both sides have equally persuasive arguments. The level of empathy that was instilled throughout the documentary set out the emotional flow that enabled to send its message across. Near the end of the film, the audience sees Muniz in a pensive mood contemplating how his life could easily have been in the same direction as the garbage-pickers. â€Å"Vik Muniz diligently cleared a trail for himself, which he studied, expanded, and further elaborated, until gleefully setting a distinctive course for his work† (Amaral, par.2). This may have been the case but his life has been one of amazement from the cause which led him to New York to his success as a modern artist. Halfway through the film, any viewer would realize that the story is not about him and how he helped the poor people of Brazil. No, right after Isis’ posing for the camera one immediately realizes that there is more than charity that fuels it.

Things That I Will Do for Malaysia If I Become a Celebrity Essay Example for Free

Things That I Will Do for Malaysia If I Become a Celebrity Essay What if I am a celebrity? It sounds ridiculous. But what if it really comes true? What will I do? I am wondering what I should do after that, maybe I could do something for my most beloved country, Malaysia. First of all, I will make my country to become well known. I will make it famous as a tourist center so that there will be a lot of tourists come over our country and enjoy the Malaysias splendid environment. I will also tell them that Malaysia is a beautiful and also a wonderful country. Not only that, the people in Malaysia is also very friendly and amicable. They make no distinction between whats ones own and whats anothers and always be on very intimate terms. Therefore, the tourists would be interesting with the uniqueness of Malaysia and our countrys economy will also increased due to the advent of tourists Next, I will let the whole world to know about our country. By achieving this, I will let everyone to know the location of Malaysia. I will also introduce the Malaysians culture, traditional an lifestyle to the world. Since Malaysia has three major ethnicities which are Chinese, Indians and Malays, so it would be fascinating and amusing for the people to know how we lived in our country without taking offense about other race. Other than that, I will help the country by improving the public facilities such as light rail transit (LRT), monorail and also bus. This can make things easier for people so that they can feel more convenience when they go for work or maybe school. As a conclusion, I would like to say that I will do everything for my county, Malaysia if I had become a celebrity. I will make it as a harmonious country that people always look forward to.

Ethnic inequalities in the workplace

Ethnic inequalities in the workplace 3. Why, despite Race Discrimination, legislation do ethnic inequalities in the workplace persist? There are a large number of problems including discrimination, human capital and social isolation that mean that ethnic inequalities in the workplace continue. Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Black Caribbeans suffer the most discrimination, have the least human capital and are most prone to social isolation. This can be seen in that these ethnic groups have the greatest unemployment rates and lowest incomes. Meanwhile the Chinese and Indians do better for themselves in comparison, however are still not on the same levels at Whites in Britain. Since the 1970s Black Caribbeans, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis have continued to have double the unemployed rates that whites do. This is shown in the fact that on average Black Caribbeans earn around 15% less than whites (Hall Carter, 2006). Meanwhile increasingly Indians and Chinese have managed to gain more or less the same levels of works at whites in Britain. Further more Indians, Chinese and Pakistanis have continued to have higher rates of s elf employment than whites or Black Caribbeans since the 1960s, meaning Black Caribbeans do the worst in employment (Clark Drinkwater, 1998). However there is some evidence to suggest the situation is improving in the workplace that will be explored nearer the end of the essay. Discrimination, whether it be conscious or subconscious, is seen as a major factor in ethnic inequalities in the workplace in Britain. The general definition of discrimination is that it is prejudice treatment of a person based on their membership of a group. Often this discrimination is against a religious group or race, even simply due to skin color. A vast amount of research suggests that discrimination against ethnic minorities continues to be a problem when it comes to employers hiring. (Deitch, Barsky, Butz, Chan, Brief Bradley, 2003). Further studies also suggest that prejudice against ethnic minorities has remained at a constant level over the past 40 years (Li Heath, 2008). It is defiantly a valid point that different ethnic minorities experience different levels of discrimination by whites within Britain. Research shows that the British population overall believe there to be similar levels of prejudice against Blacks and as there are with Pakistanis (Verkuyten Brug, 2002 ). There is a common underlying prejudice view with some employers that these ethnics groups are most prone to laziness and crime. The view that racial discrimination is greater in manual labour such as building than it is in the non-manual labour such as office work is certainly a valid one, as it can be argued there are more social boundaries with an office environment than on a building site (Fraser, 2009). The higher an individual goes in the workplace hierarchy, the greater the rules and regulations set in place that prevents discrimination within that environment. Hence this means discrimination is likely to be greatest at the lower end of the manual labour hierarchy. It is fair to say Black Caribbeans and Pakistanis are more likely to be discriminated against than Indians and Chinese as there is a clear education gap between them. Unfortunately due to the similarity in looks between Pakistanis and Indian they may well suffer equal discrimination. Black Caribbeans in particula r will feel obliged to apply for lower pay jobs (Verkuyten Brug, 2002). It is hence easy to see how once you are bracketed into a certain ethnic group, depending on which group that is, an individual is either in a cycle of advantage or disadvantage. Whites would on average be considered to be in a cycle of advantage with regards to ethnicity and work in Britain. The idea of human capital adds to the problem of ethnic inequality in the workplace. An employer will seek to asses how strong or weak an applicants human capital is (their value as worker). For example if you are a graduate from university experience you are far more likely to be employed than someone who dropped out of school at the age of 16. Ethnic discrimination in human capital can be seen clearly in that if a white individual has the same qualification as an individual from an ethnic minority, the white individual is more likely to get the job. This is a sad but true fact, although one would like to think it is becoming less common in this current age. However, ethnic groups are not discriminated against to the same degree as one another, with Indians and Chinese often coming close or surpassing whites in their human capitol. This is due to ethnic groups differing levels of human capital, subsequently created by differing education levels. On average Indians and Chinese have h igher educational levels than Black Caribbeans, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis (Ratcliffe, 2004). This would help explain the pay gaps between the ethnic groups, with Indians and Chinese on average earning more than other ethnic minorities (through better jobs due to their better standard of education). Language is another vital part of human capital. In the first generation of migrants, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in particular lacked the English language one needs to work. This is less of an issue now, but unfortunately these prejudices carry on into the second generation. Education levels and language skills are therefore crucial to judging an individuals human capital. Unfortunately due to conscious or subconscious discrimination of an employer being white is often an addition to an individuals human capital while often being a member of an ethnic group is seen as a subtraction to human capital. Another reason for ethnic inequality within the workplace is social isolation. This is relevant in particular among Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, as they are the most socially isolated of all the ethnic groups within Britain (Ratcliffe, 2004). Compared to other ethnic groups, in particular whites, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis lack the bridging social skills that are needed to gain work contacts within a predominantly white British society, which is almost essential to finding the jobs. Their social isolation may continue with their lack of good education and English language, which is again essential to networking for jobs. Further more ethnic minorities are often highly concentrated in certain urban areas, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis having the highest level of geographical segregation from the white population (Solomon, 2003). Due to this they are less likely to mix with the white population of Britain, and therefore less likely to network for jobs. As a result there are very fe w examples of Pakistanis or Bangladeshis marrying into white families. Again, location is essential as to rates of pay or qualities of jobs. The first generation of migrants arrived in Britain with little knowledge and little money, hence they moved into lower class and lower income areas of cities. This is where cycles of advantage and disadvantage are relevant once more. Ethnic groups who live in areas of deprivation are in cycles of disadvantage. Classic examples include areas of Slough, East London and Bradford. Areas of deprivation will entail a poor quality education and poor job opportunities and therefore will in turn create individuals of poor human capital that are likely to be discriminated against due to their geographical location and prejudice opinions that come with living in that area. On top of this, if an individual is of an ethnic minority there is even more discrimination likely to be consciously or subconsciously directed their way. Due to this, an area may beco me less desirable, and therefore only attract more migrants or unemployed due to the cheap standard of living, adding further to the problems of the area. While there is overwhelming evidence to suggest ethnic inequalities within the workplace persist, there is some evidence of the situation improving. Overall racial discrimination is becoming less common due to new rules and regulations, as well as it being frowned upon to the highest degree. In particular, Black Caribbean individuals are marrying white individuals hence bridging the gap between ethnic groups and creating more networking for employment (Hall Carter, 2006). The second generation of migrants are generally doing better with jobs than the first generation due to their greater integration into the education system and greater use of the English language. In particular Indians and Chinese are acceleration in the economy, gaining high earning jobs in law or medicine. In conclusion, there are a large number of problems including discrimination, human capital and social isolation that mean that ethnic inequalities in the workplace persist. Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Black Caribbeans suffer the most inequality in the workplace, while the Chinese and Indians do better for themselves in comparison, however are still not on the same levels at whites in Britain On average the whites in Britain do better overall in the workplace than the other ethnic groups due to the above problems. Having said this, the second generation of migrants have done better in the workplace than the first generation of migrants.

Papa Dont Preach Essay -- Literary Analysis, Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, tells the tale of a young orphan girl who is left under the jurisdiction of her dead uncle’s cruel wife and her family. Alone in the large estate and often subjugated to her aunt’s unjust punishments and her cousin’s fist, Jane becomes solitary and sensitive to the kindness of others. She awaits the liberation of adulthood to become self-sufficient and to find someone to love. Similarly, in The Awakening by Kate Chopin, Edna Pontellier grows up in a motherless household with her authoritative father and treacherous sisters. She is often considered the model of female oppression and empowerment in the late 1800s, but her â€Å"awakening† actually results from her experiences in a cold and distant family. Edna’s suppressive childhood leads to her desire for independence in adulthood and helps her come to the realization that mothers play an important role in their children’s lives. Misinterpreted as hidden desires, Edna’s emotions towards love and freedom stem from the lack of familial love. Her father’s flippant thoughts towards her are shown when he tells Leonce that â€Å"authority, coercion are what is needed†¦ [to] manage a wife† [94]. He regards his daughter as just another woman and approaches raising her in the same manner that he treated his wife. Edna’s distant relationship with her sisters is shown in her refusal to go to the wedding [94] and her distaste for the motherly tones in her elder sister’s affections [22]. Coming from an isolated plantation, her youth was lonely and in result she grew to lack proper social skills and became more sensitive to kindness. This is supported by Adele’s statement to Robert, â€Å"...she is not like us. She might make the unfortunate blunder of taking you seriously.† ... ... follow them. While she had these unselfish undertones, the ultimate reason for her suicide was the desire to not be possessed by anyone; she had considered the children but this final act was her defiance. Taking her mother’s lead, she decides to not run away and to face her separation through death. Edna’s family had a profound effect on what her views and desires leading up to her awakening. The distance between them, geographically and emotionally, would eventually lead to her want of intimacy and warmth once found. The absence of a proper family structure in Edna’s childhood home set the foundation for her indifference to the roles of a wife and a mother, also creating a feeling of irresponsibility. Not until after making the acquaintance of a maternal and sensible woman, Adele, does Edna truly learn the burden of a mother’s position in her children’s lives.

EMMA :: essays research papers fc

The differences between Emma By Jane Austen and The History of Mary Prince By Mary Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The differences between Emma by Jane Austen, a classical novel, and the autobiographical slave narrative, The History of Mary Prince are many and varied, but what stood out in my mind most prominently was the difference in character development. The novel delved very deeply into the life, character, breeding, make-up, and personality of it’s subjects, but the narrative, instead, developed Prince in breadth, not depth. While each approach gave the reader insight into the respective lead characters, one came away with a better understanding of who Emma was and why.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A novel is a long work of written fiction. Most novels involve many characters and tell a complex story by positioning the characters in a number of different situations. A novels chief interest is in the human character as it manifests in society. The individual naming of the characters in a novel gives singularity to each person. Novels tend to be richly detailed and often have an exhaustive analysis of human relationships. In a novel, the writer has the freedom to develop the plot, characters, motifs, and theme slowly. The novelist can also circle the main plot with subplots that flesh out the tale. Furthermore, novels have numerous shifts in time, place, and focus of interest. Because a novel is a concentrated segment of life, the ending is usually drawn to a pre-designed conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A narrative is the autobiography of one’s life experiences and views. It is usually written in the first person point of view and records a long and complicated journey from one’s life experiences. Many narratives are documents of propaganda, which have a clear sense of their audience. The question of identity is often central to the genre in narratives,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 as many are quests for identity. In many female slave narratives, motherhood tends to be a central theme. Ultimately, narratives elicit sympathy and empathy from their audience and are written to win approval of different actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that the major differences between a novel and a narrative are characteristic detail and development and the level of interactions between characters. Furthermore, a novel is a fictional piece of writing which is created by the author, who uses imagination and past life experiences of their life to make the story. In contrast, a narrative is a one dimensional autobiography which is created by the narrator who shares their own personal life story with the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a close-reading of each text, I found both writings to be very different from EMMA :: essays research papers fc The differences between Emma By Jane Austen and The History of Mary Prince By Mary Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The differences between Emma by Jane Austen, a classical novel, and the autobiographical slave narrative, The History of Mary Prince are many and varied, but what stood out in my mind most prominently was the difference in character development. The novel delved very deeply into the life, character, breeding, make-up, and personality of it’s subjects, but the narrative, instead, developed Prince in breadth, not depth. While each approach gave the reader insight into the respective lead characters, one came away with a better understanding of who Emma was and why.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A novel is a long work of written fiction. Most novels involve many characters and tell a complex story by positioning the characters in a number of different situations. A novels chief interest is in the human character as it manifests in society. The individual naming of the characters in a novel gives singularity to each person. Novels tend to be richly detailed and often have an exhaustive analysis of human relationships. In a novel, the writer has the freedom to develop the plot, characters, motifs, and theme slowly. The novelist can also circle the main plot with subplots that flesh out the tale. Furthermore, novels have numerous shifts in time, place, and focus of interest. Because a novel is a concentrated segment of life, the ending is usually drawn to a pre-designed conclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A narrative is the autobiography of one’s life experiences and views. It is usually written in the first person point of view and records a long and complicated journey from one’s life experiences. Many narratives are documents of propaganda, which have a clear sense of their audience. The question of identity is often central to the genre in narratives,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 as many are quests for identity. In many female slave narratives, motherhood tends to be a central theme. Ultimately, narratives elicit sympathy and empathy from their audience and are written to win approval of different actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that the major differences between a novel and a narrative are characteristic detail and development and the level of interactions between characters. Furthermore, a novel is a fictional piece of writing which is created by the author, who uses imagination and past life experiences of their life to make the story. In contrast, a narrative is a one dimensional autobiography which is created by the narrator who shares their own personal life story with the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a close-reading of each text, I found both writings to be very different from

Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers

Stunning Comparison in Faulkner's A Rose for Emily and Barn Burning In the words of Oscar Wilde, "The well-bred contradict other people. The wise contradict themselves." Conflict between the "well-bred" people and their "wise" counterparts satiates William Faulkner's short stories "A Rose for Emily" and "Barn Burning." The inability of Emily Grierson in "A Rose for Emily" and Abner Snopes' father in "Barn Burning" to accept and cope with their changing environments leads to an even greater quarrel with their neighbors; in each of Faulkner's stories, this inability escalates into a horrific murder. "A Rose for Emily" and "Barn Burning" are filled with gross contradictions that make conflict unavoidable. In "A Rose for Emily," different characters hold two opposing views of time itself. The first interpretation of time is that of a "world as present, a mechanical progression" (West 75). The narrator, the new Board of Aldermen, Homer Barron, and the newest generation represent this interpretation. These individuals, holding a new, less restricted point of view, prefer to keep everything set down in books, a practice strongly disapproved of by those who interpret their time as a "world of tradition, divided from us by the most recent decade of years" (West 75). Emily Grierson and her Negro servant, Colonel Sartoris, and the old Board of Aldermen represent this...

The Practice Of Enforced Conformity English Literature Essay

The end of this drawn-out essay is to oppugn the pattern of implemented conformance within the societies depicted by Edith Wharton ‘s The Age of Innocence and Mark Twain ‘s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This paper encompasses the two plants which compare the differences between the social facets of conformance within Twain ‘s Southern provinces of pre-civil war America and Wharton ‘s post-civil war New York. Both writers use the position of their several supporters to reflect on and knock the biass and values of these societies. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses the cardinal character of Huck to foreground society ‘s lip service and the manner that faith and morality stifle individuality and free-spiritedness. Huck is invariably indicating out the manner that persons believe themselves to be devout and morally unsloped but, in fact, are by and large hypocritical and dishonest. One of Twain ‘s chief onslaughts is directed against the system of bondage in concurrence with the stereotyping of Negroes at this clip. Huck ‘s voice is used to foreground the unfairness of this system, although, being a merchandise of this society, he besides expresses some of the biass he has learnt. Other characters, such as Jim and Pap, are included to research this subject farther. Puting, imagination and a humourous tone aid to reenforce Twain ‘s review. Wharton uses similar devices to reprobate New York society in late 19th century. Unlike the boylike artlessness of Huck, Wharton ‘s supporter, Newland Archer, is misanthropic and can see rather clearly the mistakes in his community. It is suggested that he would wish to interrupt out of conventional behavior, but does non hold the bravery. Other characters, such as May and Ellen, are used to foreground the harm that the insisting on conformance causes to persons. Wharton besides draws to her readers ‘ attending, the patriarchal nature of this society, its focal point on philistinism, and refusal to alter. Like Twain, Wharton uses symbolism, particularly that of flowers and costume, every bit good as elusive sarcasm, to foreground her observations. Word Count: 330 wordsIntroductionOne major facet of human nature is the bias against those who reject social norms. It seems inevitable that the bulk is prejudiced against those who refuse to conform, in order to keep societal stableness and do certain everybody upholds the values that most people portion. There are many different sorts of bias but the chief focal point of two American novels, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1884 ) , by Mark Twain, and Edith Wharton ‘s The Age of Innocence ( 1918 ) , trade with prejudice against non-conformists. These authors use a assortment of devices to place readers to be hostile towards such values and conventionality. Couple utilises the supporter, Huckleberry Finn, every bit good as a overplus of secondary characters, such as Pap and Jim, to foreground the unfairness of the bondage system which operated before the civil war. Furthermore, Twain besides critiques the lip service of most people, who claim to take the moral high land, b ut are, in fact, merely holier-than-thou. In this text, imagination and sarcasm are used to convey the author ‘s strong message. Wharton employs similar techniques. The supporter, Newland Archer, is portrayed as a coward. He is to the full cognizant of the absurdnesss of his society ‘s insisting on conformance, but can non interrupt off, taking to the calamity of his by and large unrealized life. Minor characters, including Ellen and May, reinforce this major subject every bit good as Wharton ‘s onslaught on the patriarchal nature of her surroundings, and fright of alteration. Like Twain, Wharton weaves into her text, a strong sense of sarcasm and drawn-out imagination. Thus the two texts are really similar in manner and construction, although they deal with really different societies and conventions. The Age of Innocence is set in upper-class New York society in post-civil war America. In this surroundings, people are really proud of their community ‘s accomplishments and reject alteration, which they perceive will endanger the position quo, richness and civilization. Wharton suggests that persons are raised in a civilization that is already to the full established with complex sets of values and categorizations, regulations and prohibitions. The bulk accepts these codifications as normal and natural. Having mastered the complexnesss of the civilization, life is conducted in the channels provided by that civilization. Hence, when anyone attempts alteration or stairss out of these well-worn waies, he or she is rounded upon, condemned and finally rejected. New York in the late 19th century is besides stiffly patriarchal and adult females must be cosmetic, supportive and economically dependent on work forces. In contrast, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is set before the civ il war in America ‘s Deep South, specifically along the Mississippi River. Unlike New York, the chief bias here is racial. Most Whites support bondage and are dying to maintain Negroes in their topographic point, for fright that they will accomplish equality and hence overthrow the high quality of the Whites. This society besides prides itself on its moral virtuousnesss and is determined to coerce everyone to conform to the spiritual conventions. Edith Wharton uses a assortment of methods to reprobate New York ‘s society ‘s snobbism and fright of alteration. The supporter, Newland Archer, is Wharton ‘s chief device. In the first chapter, it is rapidly established that he conforms to societal norms, as readers learn that, â€Å" what was or what was non â€Å" the thing † played a portion as of import in Newland ‘s New York. † ( Wharton, 1918: 4 ) However, Newland likes to believe of himself as a non-conformist and feels that he is the â€Å" clearly the higher-up of these chosen specimens of old New York † . ( Wharton, 1918:7 ) Mutely, he mocks those whom he sees as slaves to conventionality. Assorted incidents are used to foreground Newland ‘s disdain. He is frustrated by May ‘s deficiency of independent action when she refuses to run off with him and comes to see her as â€Å" a terrific merchandise of the societal system he belonged to † ( Wharton, 1918:35 ) . He is unimpressed with May and fascinated by Ellen ‘s exoticness, symbolised by his reaction to her unconventional house, where he felt the lamps imposed a â€Å" bleached shadowy appeal of a room unlike any room he had known † . ( Wharton, 1918:57 ) Another symbol of Newland ‘s flirting with the out danger of the unconventional is the type of flowers he gives to the two adult females in his life, giving flowers was non merely a manner to show wealth, but besides a manner to pass on elusive messages. During his battle with May, Newland sends lilies-of-the-valley to her â€Å" every forenoon on the minute † ( Wharton, 1918:65 ) , while it is traditionally given as a marrying flower to stand for a â€Å" return of felicity † , it besides symbolises artlessness and celibacy ( Gwen ) . The supporter sees May as being naA?ve and guiltless as the white flowers he gives her suggest. However, during Newland ‘s first visit to Ellen Olenska ‘s pla ce, he gives her a corsage of yellow roses which the supporter ‘s thought â€Å" there was something excessively rich, excessively strong, in their ardent beauty. † ( Wharton, 1918:65 ) as â€Å" he had ne'er seen any as sun-golden before † ( Wharton, 1918:65 ) therefore Wharton, suggests that like flowers reflects on the receiving system ‘s personality and hence the xanthous flowers symbolise green-eyed monster, unfaithfulness and exoticness. Yet, faced with the chance to arise, he lacks the bravery. Rather than contending against society ‘s positions on divorce, he volitionally gives in and decides non to follow her, even though he feels â€Å" an ceaseless indefinable craving † ( Wharton, 1918:183 ) for Ellen. The writer farther high spots Newland ‘s cowardliness and apathy by saying that he â€Å" instinctively felt that in this regard it would be troublesomeaˆÂ ¦to stick out for himself. † ( Wharton 1918:7 ) Newland ‘s unwillingness non to conform is farther extrapolated when he pays lip service to democratic rules, but one time married, reassumes his earlier conventional, patronizing attitude to May ‘s â€Å" artlessness † ( Wharton 1918:119 ) , with the premise that it â€Å" seals the head against imaginativeness and the bosom against experience! â€Å" ( Wharton, 1918:119 ) . Even when he subsequently admits to Ellen that his matrimony is a â€Å" fake † ( Wharton, 1918:199 ) , he blames her for his quandary stating â€Å" You gave me my first glance of a existent lifeaˆÂ ¦ it ‘s beyond human digesting † ( Wharton, 1918: 199 ) . Wharton ‘s oppressing unfavorable judgment of Newland culminates in the concluding pages. The clip is now 30 old ages subsequently and society is radically different. Old snobbisms have been abandoned and he realises that May ever knew about his relationship with Ellen. Yet, now there is â€Å" no ground for his go oning in the same modus operandi † ( Wharton, 1918:289 ) and he has a opportunity of freedom, he is still â€Å" held fast by wont † ( Wharton 1918:290 ) and â€Å" saw into what a deep rut he had sunk. † ( Wharton, 1918:290 ) Indeed Newland has non changed at all ; he is still torn between the feeling that he should prosecute in â€Å" new things † . ( Wharton, 1918:290 ) He is good cognizant that now â€Å" Cipher was shockable adequate † ( Wharton, 1918:290 ) to worry about past injudiciousnesss. However, the supporter still lacks bravery to be true to himself. He seems frozen by inactiveness, highlighted by his failure to see Ellen ‘s flat, as he thinks â€Å" it ‘s more existent to me here if I went up † ( Wharton, 1918:298 ) . Wharton shows how Newland continues at war within himself as he â€Å" all of a sudden heard himself state † . ( Wharton, 1918:298 ) these words. Therefore as the terminal, when he â€Å" walked back entirely † ( Wharton, 1918:298 ) , readers understand the otiose chances of Newland ‘s life as he can ne'er interrupt out of societal norms. As Wharton demonstrates a usage of sarcasm as Ellen â€Å" closed the shutters † ( Wharton, 1918:298 ) , she is symbolically stoping any opportunity that Newland has of altering. Similarly, Mark Twain uses his chief characters to review his society, but is it non the snobbism and the conventions that are attacked, but the lip service. Huck is used as a device to dramatize the struggle between societal or received morality on the one manus, and a different sort of morality based on intuition and experience on the other. Like persons of his age, Huck is written through the position of a kid and although he is doubting of spiritual values, such an immatureness is demonstrated by the supporter ‘s superstitious positions as he heard â€Å" a shade † ( Twain, 1884:4 ) . Despite such beliefs, Huck reflects Twain ‘s agnosticism as he remains stainless by the regulations and premises of society in which he finds himself in. Even though Huck is speedy to knock the absurdness of the universe around him, he does non try to do discourtesy. He is every bit speedy to state us that though the â€Å" widow cried over me, and called me a hapless lost lamb. . . she ne'er meant no injury by it. † ( Twain, 1884:2 ) . Couple presents the supporter ‘s unwillingness to alter after Miss Watson ‘s efforts to â€Å" sivilize † ( Twain, 1884:1 ) him, but shortly reverts back to his old wonts after populating with his male parent. The struggle between the subjugation of civilization and â€Å" natural life † is introduced in the first chapter through the attempts of the Miss Watson, who tries to coerce Huck to have on new apparels, give up smoke, receive an instruction and larn the Bible. Couple nowadayss both Miss Watson and the Widow Douglas as being highly conservative, invariably seeking to learn Huck the ways of a spiritual society which he finds â€Å" boring and only † ( Twain, 1884:3 ) , whereas Huck is represented as being out traveling and free spirited. Twain uses an analogy to depict Huck ‘s antipathy for the inefficiency within supplication as Miss Watson tells Huck â€Å" to pray every twenty-four hours, and whatever I asked for I would acquire it. But it war n't so. I tried it. Once I got a fish-line, but no hooksaˆÂ ¦ . I tried for the maulerss three or four times, but somehow I could n't do it work. † ( Twain, 1884:4 ) Here, Twain suggests that Huck is unable to hold on the construct of formal faith. Furthermore, Huck ‘s refusal to remain at the Grangerfords reveals his inability to settle down as he says, â€Å" there war n't no place like a raft † ( Twain, 1884:5 ) Therefore, Huck is used to show the writer ‘s chief message that the barbarian manner of life is more desirable and morally superior to the corruptness of purportedly civilized American society. Wharton besides subverts the mythology of America as a new, democratic society. America is supposed to be an uninhibited â€Å" heaven † as opposed to the stiff European â€Å" snake pit † experienced by Ellen. However, the writer suggests that people have in fact imported the â€Å" old † category differentiations and snobbism from Europe. â€Å" Old † New York society has an ambivalent attitude towards the â€Å" new † rich. Peoples admire Julius Beaufort because he is affluent but despise him because he is self-made, despite the fact that he has gained societal reputability by get marrieding into the celebrated Mingott household, he is ever at the outer peripheries of society and considered slightly disreputable. The possibility of a new beginning is symbolized by Newland and Ellen ‘s interlude in the Patroon ‘s house. The original Dutch governor ‘s bungalow embodies the possibility that the twosome can get away the yesteryear. In contrast, the new wave der Luydens are one of the most well-thought-of households because of their European lineage, epitomised by their â€Å" high-ceilinged white-walled Madison Avenue drawing-room, with the picket brocaded armchairs so evidently exposed for the juncture, and the gauze still veiling the ormolu mantle decorations † . ( Wharton, 1918:42 ) Their seal of blessing is needed to derive societal acceptableness, shown when their invitation to Ellen allows her to come in New York society as they delivered her an envelope that â€Å" contained a card ask foring the Countess Olenska to the dinner † ( Wharton, 1918:7 ) . However, she shortly discovers that this surroundings is merely as stiff and stratified as Europe, as Newland explains, â€Å" New York Society is†¦ ruled, in malice of visual aspects, by a really few people with- well- instead old- fashioned ideasaˆÂ ¦ † ( Wharton, 1918:89-90 ) Wharton shows that alteration is rejected as a d estabilising influence. In the first chapter, Ellen is seen have oning an unfamiliar European style-dress which attracts â€Å" undivided attending † ( Wharton, 1918:10 ) . The disapproval of such new manner is emphasised when Miss Jackson notes, â€Å" aˆÂ ¦In my youthaˆÂ ¦ it was considered vulgar to dress in the newest fashionsaˆÂ ¦ † ( Wharton, 1918:211 ) . Wharton points out the inevitable alteration of society by showing a contrast at the terminal of the book ; Dallas Archer has married Julius Beaufort ‘s bastard girl, Fanny which would hold one time been considered wholly unacceptable. The writer even points out the comparing between Fanny and Ellen as the former â€Å" had won [ New York ‘s ] bosom much as Madame Olenska had won it 30 old ages before † ( Wharton, 1918:260 ) . However, now â€Å" alternatively of being distrustful and afraid of her, society gleefully took her for granted. â€Å" ( Wharton, 1918:260 ) . As Newl and reflects, â€Å" Peoples presents were excessively busy with reforms and â€Å" motions, † aˆÂ ¦ to trouble oneself much about their neighbors. † ( Wharton, 1918:291 ) Therefore, the fact that such a respected and conventional household such as the Archers became connected to â€Å" Beaufort ‘s assholes † ( Wharton, 1918:291 ) is used to bespeak how stiff New York society one time was and how much it has changed. An built-in portion of Wharton ‘s review is the repression of adult females. Late 19th century New York society is steadfastly patriarchal. Womans are expected to be inanimate, cosmetic and pure. Wharton uses costumes to foreground these outlooks as May is instantly introduced as â€Å" a immature miss in white † . ( Wharton, 1918:5 ) This symbolism suggests her artlessness and fidelity towards her hereafter partner. In contrast, Ellen is subsequently introduced as have oning a â€Å" dark bluish velvet gown instead stagily caught up under her bosom by a girdle with a big antique clasp. † . ( Wharton, 1918:7-8 ) This description instantly highlights Ellen ‘s refusal to conform and so openly ask foring attending which is a complete contrast to May ‘s costume, proposing her deficiency of conformity of the gender stereotype. Furthermore, adult females are expected to get married and stay so, nevertheless severely they are treated. Wharton emphasises the m anner work forces patronise adult females through the relationship between Newland and May. He notices his married woman ‘s narrow involvement while in London with annoyance, where â€Å" nil interested her but the theaters and the stores. † ( Wharton, 1918:160 ) and patronizingly teaches her about art. Women within New York society besides have to be compliant and supportive of their hubbies, irrespective of their partners ‘ behavior as â€Å" May ‘s lone usage of the autonomy she supposed herself to possess would be to put it on the communion table of her wifelike worship. † ( Wharton, 1918:160 ) Wharton besides presents the meeting of individualities of adult females with their hubbies through the word picture of the new wave der Luydens who â€Å" were so precisely alike that Archer frequently wondered how, after 40 old ages of the closest conjugality, two such merged individualities of all time separated themselves plenty for anything every bit controversial as a talking-over.. † . ( Wharton, 1918:43 ) The rebellion against gendered stereotypes is by and large opposed, as shown when Ellen is condemned for take a firm standing on divorce. There are some exclusions, for illustration, Mrs. Manson Mingott, whose â€Å" influence is great throughout her household † ( Wharton, 1918:206 ) , because she is affluent and does non present a menace to societal convention yet even she refuses to assist her girl, Regina when Beaufort runs off with Fanny. Miss Manson Mingott abandons her girl, claiming that their household name was tarnished by such an incident as she says â€Å" It was Beaufort when he covered you with gems, and it ‘s got to remain Beaufort now that he ‘s covered you with shame. † ( Wharton, 1918:223 ) Furthermore, this intervention of adult females produces societal tensenesss. Newland desires Ellen, who is sexually experienced, and had a affair with Mrs. Rushworth who was his rational e qual. However, if he wants to keep male high quality, he has to accept May and the deficiency of fulfillment he knows he will see throughout his married life. It is through the creative activity of these characters that Wharton critiques her patriarchal society. Wharton ‘s society is brewing with lip service, as money buys non merely regard and human value but besides free scope to populate without effects. In the novel ‘s society, value and individuality are rooted in philistinism and lip service, bespeaking non merely a crisis of subjectiveness on the degree of the person but besides suggesting at a larger prostration of human relationships in general. Like Wharton, Twain besides condemns the lip service of the spiritual. However, the onslaught is much more biting, even though the tone, created through Huck ‘s voice, is humourous and purposes to satirically mock the values presented by the supporter. In the first chapter, Miss Watson introduces Huck to â€Å" the bad topographic point † ( Twain, 1884:3 ) , while the supporter, could non â€Å" see no advantage in traveling † ( Twain, 1884:3 ) to Heaven. Twain indicates that despite the caretakers ‘ purposes, Huck ne'er sees any existent weight in faith and treats the construct of Eden and snake pit as a myth. Subsequently, when the mountebanks, â€Å" Duke † and â€Å" King † , convert a spiritual community to give them money so they can â€Å" change over † their non-existent plagiarist friends, the God-fearing common people are easy fooled as King â€Å" went all through the crowd with his chapeau † ( Twain, 1884:171 ) roll up ing money and is subsequently offered adjustment. Therefore, King and the Duke are used to stand for those con-men who use faith in a corrupt mode, for self-gain. The chapters where Huck meets the Grangerford and Sheperdson allows Twain to utilize sarcasm in order to reprobate certain facets of purportedly civilized America. Both households represent the wealthy and educated and uncover the senseless ferociousness and gratuitous slaughter involved in their arbitrary construct of honor. The dignified Colonel Grangerford, who is eager for the glorification to be gained from hiting â€Å" a few buck-shot â€Å" ( Twain, 1884:141 ) at a Shepherdson household member, unquestioningly believes in devaluating human life, emphasized by the Twain ‘s suggestion of the feud is so arbitrary that the households do non even know why they are contending ( Q ) . Both feuding households are church departers and in one discourse where both the households â€Å" took their guns along † ( Twain, 1884:142 ) , given by Mr. Grangerford he speaks of â€Å" brotherlike love † ( Twain, 1884:142 ) while, hypocritically, encourages the slaying of the opposing household. Twain satirise this by showing Huck ‘s oblivion to spiritual values, crying that â€Å" it seem aˆÂ ¦to be one of the roughest Sundays, I had run across yet † ( Twain, 1884:142 ) , when compared to the household ‘s positive remarks about the â€Å" good discourse † ( Twain, 1884:142 ) . Through this averment, it can be suggested that Twain is resentful towards the contradiction of spiritual values, which is reinforced by the in writing description of the confrontation as Buck recalls that â€Å" his male parent and his brother was killed, and two or three of the enemy. † ( Twain, 1884:148 ) intended to floor the readers and reinforce Twain ‘s point that God-fearing and self-proclaimed observant Americans feel justified in utilizing such ferociousness. This i ncident is besides in marked contrast to the breeding of Wharton, who ne'er references force. This comparing clearly indicates the different nature of these two respective societies – the abrasiveness of the South and the polish of New York – even though both claim to be, in comparing with aliens, civilised. Another major unfavorable judgment of Twain ‘s society is the unfairness of bondage. In The Adventures Huckleberry Finn, The writer uses sarcasm to show that bondage is supported by even the most â€Å" moral † of characters. Miss Watson, an educated and devout Christian adult female, is besides a slave proprietor, connoting that people who regard themselves as morally unsloped believe that bondage is justified inkinesss are purportedly racially inferior and is willing to sell Jim â€Å" down to Orleans † ( Q ) for eight-hundred dollars. Furthermore, the word picture of Pap reinforces the connexion between hapless moral character, racism, and the credence of bondage. He is portrayed as, non merely a racialist, but besides, a rude, self-involved rummy and kid maltreater. As he says â€Å" I was merely approximately to travel and vote myself if I war n't excessively imbibe to acquire at that place ; but when they told me there was a State in this State where they à ¢â‚¬Ëœd allow a nigger ballot, I drawed out. † ( Twain, 1884:36 ) The writer presents how visual aspect and clamber coloring material are the lone standards considered by the societies of the South when finding who is afforded rights in comparing to the black â€Å" p'fessor † ( Twain, 1884:36 ) from the northern province of Ohio. It appears that regardless of how immoral and depraved a white adult male might be, he is still afforded more power than that of a moral black character wish Jim as he is immediately blamed for the â€Å" slaying † of Huck. Therefore exemplifying how society is speedy to fault persons who are socially underprivileged. Here, Twain ‘s really willingness to portray a morally unsloped character like Jim, whose predicament is intended to convey understanding, presents an attitude that is doubtless anti-slavery. In contrast to Pap ‘s changeless maltreatment of his boy, Jim is shown to lose his household as he â€Å" was frequentl y moaning and mourning that manner, darks, when he judged that [ Huck ] was asleep † ( Twain, 1884:201 ) as he realises that he â€Å" ai n't of all time gwyne to see † ( Twain, 1884:201 ) them of all time once more. Twain emphasizes Jim ‘s superior moral facets to Huck ‘s male parent by showing the character ‘s compunction in penalizing his girl, ‘lizabeth, after gaining that she is deaf and was hence, unable to listen to his demands. True the supporter does express racist attitudes towards Jim when he says â€Å" I would n't agitate my nigga, would I? – the lone†¦ nigga I had in the universe, and the lone belongings. † ( Twain, 1884:279 ) However, Twain indicates that Huck is merely a kid who has been influenced by societal bias as he is raised within a deeply bigoted society. While The Age of Innocence and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are really similar in manner and building, the chief difference occurs in the usage of imagination. Wharton uses the coloring material â€Å" white † to symbolize pureness and artlessness, as exemplified in May ‘s costumes as she dresses in â€Å" white and splinter † ( Wharton,1918:53 ) and the â€Å" corsage of lilies-of-the-valley † ( Wharton,1918:5 ) she receives from Newland. In contrast, Twain uses the thought of â€Å" white † to sabotage the racial bias practised by the white Southerners. Pap Finn represents the worst facets of white society as he is illiterate, nescient, violent, and deeply bigoted. As Huck remarks, his male parent is â€Å" white ; but non like another adult male ‘s white, but a white to do a organic structure ill † . ( Twain, 1884:25 ) Here, the sickening deathlike lividness of Finn ‘s tegument underscores Twain ‘s disapprobation of the Whites who feel that they are superior to inkinesss, merely because of the coloring material of their tegument. Conversely, the black professor from Ohio is described as have oning â€Å" all right apparels † , â€Å" a gold ticker and concatenation, and a silver-headed cane † and is able to â€Å" speak all sorts of linguistic communications, and knowed everything † ( Twain, 1884:36 ) . This clearly educated adult male is able to vote whereas Pap takes his privileges for granted, warranting his failure to vote by stating he was â€Å" excessively intoxicated † ( Twain, 1884:36 ) . In set uping the contrast between Pap and the Negro, Twain overturns the traditional positions of his clip which suggests that the color white, non black, is associated with immorality.DecisionClearly, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn and The Age of Innocence are really similar in the manner they present vesicating reviews on their several societies. Both Wharton and Twain use a wide-ranging assortment of different schemes to convey their message. The word pictures of major and minor characters illustrate how persons react and are affected by biass. In Wharton ‘s instance, the memorable supporter, Newland Archer, is bogged down by society ‘s fright of alteration, whilst Twain ‘s Huckleberry Finn subtly remarks on the unfairnesss of his society through the infantile eyes of artlessness. Furthermore, linguistic communication, manner and symbolism reinforce the unfavorable judgments. Readers of both plants are invited to reason that conformance, bias and lip service are unacceptable values for any society to keep and tolerance and fairness are far more preferred.

Chinese and Greek Mythology Essay

Long ago, people wanted to acquire a better understanding of the beginning of the universe which ultimately resulted in the establishment of religions, beliefs and most pertinent, creation myths. Mythology provides explanations for the worlds mysteries especially in regards to the creation of Earth, Humans and the environment. This comparative paragraph analyzes the similarities and differences between a Greek myth entitled, The Beginning of Things, and a Chinese myth named, Heaven and Earth and Man, contrasted in the aspects of conflict, solutions, heroic action, and the education of the first humans. Conflicts arise for different concerns but after the battles cease, peace is restored because of supernatural intervention, the world advances and progresses to prevent future misfortune. Firstly, if peace is kept in the heavens of Greece then there will be less despair on Earth. The battle of authority results in a punishment system being enforced to confine cruel people and prevent rebellions. In ancient Greece there was a constant power struggle for the gods because of the underlying fear that their children would replace them in the chain of command. The text supports the argument of development and enhancement after unreasonable decisions are made by the deities; If any of them breaks the oath, for one year he lies breathless, and cannot partake of sweet nectar and ambrosia; after that year he is cut off from the meeting of the gods for nine years more, and then only may he come back and join their company. (Rouse, 3) During the destruction of the battles, evil is unleashed and causes chaos in the land. The justice system, which is created in response to Cronuses’ rebellion, is essential for any society to continue successfully. There is heroic involvement in both myths, with Zeus in particular in Ancient Greece. Zeus defeated his father and saved his brothers and sisters after being swallowed and trapped in his stomach. Cronuses’ awful deed deserves punishment which results in Zeus creating the Underworld and a standard of the amount of time spent punished. In fact, the Chinese story also includes a quarrel, different in rationale but improvement after the disagreement is a prevalent theme in both. Subsequently, in respect to the Chinese myth, after the war between fire and water, the pillar was destroyed; Nu-Kua repaired the gaps in the sky by supporting the sky with additional blocks. The literature provides evidence to confirm this line of reasoning; Block by block, she patched the holes in the sky. Lastly, she killed a giant turtle, and cut off its powerful legs to make pillars between which the sky is firmly held over the Earth, never again to fall. (Birch, 7) After chaos returns for the second time, when the elements fight against each other, involvement from spirits resolves the crisis and mitigates harm from humans. The irrational and aggressive clash between fire and water causes destruction but also provides reasoning for the position of the oceans and world geography. Apart from the similarities, there are many discrepancies circulating around the topic of conflict. In the Greek myth, conflicts originate from the desire to establish power and authority by rebelling. First, Cronus rebelled against his father Uranus and Zeus against Cronus followed. The competition is caused because children inherit their parents’ position and both gods prevent this from happening by swallowing or imprisoning them. On the contrary, the Chinese dispute is against the elements fire and water. In Chinese mythology, fire is masculine and symbolizes strength, aggression, impulsiveness. Water is considered feminine and symbolizes fluidity, downward energy but has the potential to be noisy. The conflict is probably caused because the elements are opposites and naturally enemies. This clash of the elements is a result of senseless hostility and not a fight for control. The difference in culture is what causes the significant differences in myths. Evidently, in Greek mythology acquiring status and supremacy is valued whereas there isn’t a sense of hierarchy but instead teamwork in China. According to the Asian myth, the spirits all work together towards a common goal which is to enhance and protect the Earth. Another obvious commonality in relation to either conflict is the presence of a supreme being which triggers and assists the chain of events which form the World. The Greek mythology had many different supreme beings which were responsible for various forces on Earth. The Chinese version, only included two main beings, one which was the result of the environment and the other was the creator of the human race. Comparative mythology also requires examining the distinction between the ideas of how both cultures though the Earth was created. An indication of how diverse the culture and beliefs of people is demonstrated in the topic of the formation of Human beings and the surrounding eco-system. The creation of humans, wildlife and geographic landscapes varies with the idea of the Greek Gods sculpting most organisms themselves whereas the Chinese believe Pan’Ku’s body transforms into the environment. The aspect of creation and the environment is portrayed very differently in both legends. The number of dissimilarities outweighs the number corresponding ideas surrounding the mystery of the beginning of the Universe and our existence. In ancient Greece, after a period of chaos and disagreement between the deities a clever titian named Prometheus establishes the first human and provides luminosity and warmth in a world, swallowed by darkness after the sun sets. Prometheus sculpts animals and accidentally, the first human out of clay and began to teach them how to survive including hunting and making fire; Prometheus was very much pleased with his new pet. He used to watch men hunting for food and living in caves and holes, like ants or badgers. He determined to educate men as well as he could. (Rouse, 2) After rebelling by taking responsibility for the Earth underneath the heavens, Prometheus entertains himself by making models out of clay. Accidently, he creates humans and spent most of his time teaching humans how to continue to exist. Prometheus sculpts humans by accident whereas Nu’Kua from the Chinese myth wants to produce beings that will aid to cure her solitary state. To contrast, in the Chinese myth, the weather conditions, mountains, rivers and vegetation are all created by Pan’Ku’s body. Additionally, after humans are created by Nu’Kua, they are taught many vital skills in addition to simply the ability to survive; â€Å"Who in his life [Pan’Ku] had brought shape to the universe, by his death gave his body to make it rich and beautiful†¦ to the Earth he gave his body† (Birch, 6). In the Chinese story, the environment is not created by a specific spirit but instead transforms from a god into the surrounding nature and landscape. A further comparison against the Greek tale is the little explanation about how the land and plants are created except for the separation of sky and ground which reveals an already existing ecosystem. Moreover, the humans in the Chinese myth are taught how to communicate, reproduce and to live in peace. The humans in ancient Greece are never taught skills beyond survival. Finally, there is an evident variation for the reasons to assemble humans. Nu’Kua intends to create a creature that will provide her relief from isolation meanwhile Prometheus is only amusing himself and the first human emerges entirely unintentionally. Nevertheless, both fairy-tales have a couple of resembling principles. To begin with, humans are formed and educated by the deities. The first humans were taught to hunt, gather food, and construct shelter to avoid perishing as a species. The principal objective is to aid humans to continue to populate and the justification in both fables was that supernatural intervention maintained the evolution of such a powerful species. Magical clay was used in both myths as the main material in the production of creatures and human beings. The motive for why these two parables are so similar is to emphasize how there is an external influence which assisted the formation of humans because it is difficult to believe that simple resources could have conceived such complex living, breathing creatures. Additionally, as a society in the present day, education is a requirement and essential for the genetic continuity of the human race, peace and maintenance of the Earth’s resources. By the means of education can one’s potential be used to maximum extent. It is natural for the authors of these short fictitious stories to assume the hero’s and goddesses teach humans because then there will be no foundation to carry on the sharing of lessons and information. In conclusion, it is in the nature of humans to wonder about the unknown and search for answers. At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation myth which explains how the wonderful mysteries of the Earth came to be. Despite geographical barriers, many cultures have developed creation myths with the same basic elements and structure. However, there are many cultural and societal influences which cause variations in the beliefs and alter the overall creation myth from region to region. Apart from the fundamental similarities, the Greek and Chinese ideologies deviated in certain aspects of the myth because their values and morals as separate countries have impacted, adapted and evolved differently in response to world events.

Growth of Insurance Industry Post Liberalisation

GROWTH OF INSURANCE INDUSTRY – POST LIBERALIZATION INTRODUCTION : The journey of insurance liberalization process in India is now several years old. The first major milestone in this journey has been the passing of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999. This along with amendments to the Insurance Act 1983, LIC and GIC Acts paves the way for the entry of private players and possibly the privatization of the hitherto public monopolies LIC and GIC. Opening up of insurance to private sector including foreign participation has resulted into various opportunities and challenges. CONCEPT OF INSURANCE : In our daily life, whenever there is uncertainly there is an involvement of risk. The instinct of security against such risk is one of the basic motivating forces for determining human attitudes. As a sequel to this quest for security, the concept of insurance must have been born. The urge to provide insurance or protection against the loss of life and property must have promoted people to make some sort of sacrifice willingly in order to achieve security through collective co-operation. In this sense, the story of insurance is probably as old as the story of mankind. LIFE INSURANCE : n particular provides protection to household against the risk of premature death of its income earning member. Life insurance in modern times also provides protection against other life related risks such as that of longevity (i. e. risk of outliving of source of income) and risk of disabled and sickness (health insurance). The products provide for longevity are pensions and annu ities (insurance against old age). Non-life insurance provides protection against accidents, property damage, theft and other liabilities. Non-life insurance contracts are typically shorter in duration as compared to life insurance contracts. The bundling together of risk coverage and saving is peculiar of life insurance. Life insurance provides both protection and investment. Insurance is a boon to business concerns. Insurance provides short range and long range relief. The short-term relief is aimed at protecting the insured from loss of property and life by distributing the loss amongst large number of persons through the medium of professional risk bearers such as insurers. It enables a businessman to face an unforeseen loss and, therefore, he need not worry about the possible loss. The long-range object being the economic and industrial growth of the country by making an investment of huge funds available with insurers in the organized industry and commerce. GENERAL INSURANCE : Prior to nationalizations of General insurance industry in 1973 the GIC Act was passed in the Parliament in 1971, but it came into effect in 1973. There was 107 General insurance companies including branches of foreign companies operating in the country upon nationalization, these companies were amalgamated and grouped into the following four subsidiaries of GIC such as National Insurance Co. Ltd. , Calcutta; The New India Assurance Co. Ltd. , Mumbai; The Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. , New Delhi and United India Insurance Co. Ltd. , Chennai and Now delinked. General insurance business in India is broadly divided into fire, marine and miscellaneous GIC apart from directly handling Aviation and Reinsurance business administers the Comprehensive Crop Insurance Scheme, Personal Accident Insurance, Social Security Scheme etc. The GIC and its subsidiaries in keeping with the objective of nationalization to spread the message of insurance far and wide and to provide insurance protection to weaker section of the society are making efforts to design new covers and also to popularize other non-traditional business. LIBERALIZATION OF INSURANCE : The comprehensive regulation of insurance business in India was brought into effect with the enactment of the Insurance Act, 1983. It tried to create a strong and powerful supervision and regulatory authority in the Controller of Insurance with powers to direct, advise, investigate, register and liquidate insurance companies etc. However, consequent upon the nationalization of insurance business, most of the regulatory functions were taken away from the Controller of Insurance and vested in the insurers themselves. The Government of India in 1993 had set up a high powered committee by R. N. Malhotra, former Governor, Reserve Bank of India, to examine the structure of the insurance industry and recommend changes to ake it more efficient and competitive keeping in view the structural changes in other parts of the financial system on the country. Malhotra Committee's Recommendations The committee submitted its report in January 1994 recommending that private insurers be allowed to co-exist along with government companies like LIC and GIC companies. This recommendation had been prompted by several factors such as ne ed for greater deeper insurance coverage in the economy, and a much a greater scale of mobilization of funds from the economy, and a much a greater scale of mobilization of funds from the economy for infrastructural development. Liberalization of the insurance sector is at least partly driven by fiscal necessity of tapping the big reserve of savings in the economy. Committee's recommendations were as follows: †¢ Raising the capital base of LIC and GIC up to Rs. 200 crores, half retained by the government and rest sold to the public at large with suitable reservations for its employees. †¢ Private sector is granted to enter insurance industry with a minimum paid up capital of Rs. 100 crores. †¢ Foreign insurance be allowed to enter by floating an Indian company preferably a joint venture with Indian partners. Steps are initiated to set up a strong and effective insurance regulatory in the form of a statutory autonomous board on the lines of SEBI. †¢ Limited number of private companies to be allowed in the sector. But no firm is allowed in the sector. But no firm is allowed to operate in both lines of insurance (life or non-life). †¢ Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC) is delinked form GIC to function as a separate statuary body under necessary supervision by the insurance regulatory authority. †¢All insurance companies be treated on equal footing and governed by the provisions of insurance Act. No special dispensation is given to government companies. †¢Setting up of a strong and effective regulatory body with independent source for financing before allowing private companies into sector. COMPETITION TO GOVERNMENT SECTOR: Government companies have now to face competition to private sector insurance companies not only in issuing various range of insurance products but also in various aspects in terms of customer service, channels of distribution, effective techniques of selling the products etc. privatization of the insurance sector has opened the doors to innovations in the way business can be transacted. New age insurance companies are embarking on new concepts and more cost effective way of transacting business. The idea is clear to cater to the maximum business at the lest cost. And slowly with time, the age-old norm prevalent with government companies to expand by setting up branches seems getting lost. Among the techniques that seem to catching up fast as an alternative to cater to the rural and social sector insurance is hub and spoke arrangement. These along with the participants of NGOs and Self Help Group (SHGs) have done with most of the selling of the rural and social sector policies. The main challenges is from the commercial banks that have vast network of branches. In this regard, it is important to mention here that LIC has entered into an arrangement with Mangalore based Corporations Bank to leverage their infrastructure for mutual benefit with the insurance monolith acquiring a strategic stake 27 per cent, Corporation Bank has decided to abandon its plans of promoting a life insurance company. The bank will act as a corporate agent for LIC in future and receive commission on policies sold through its branches. LIC with its branch network of close to 2100 offices will allow Corporation Bank to set up extension centers. ATMs or branches with in its premises. Corporation Bank would in turn implement an effective Cash Flow Management System for LIC. IRDA Act, 1999 Preamble of IRDA Act 1999 reads ‘An Act to provide for the establishment of an authority to protect the interests of holders of insurance policies, to regulate, to promote and ensure orderly growth of the insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Section 14 of IRDA Act, lays the duties, powers and functions of the authority. The powers and functions of the authority. The powers and functions of the Authority shall include the following. †¢ Issue to the applicant a certificate of registration, to renew, modify withdraw, suspend or cancel such registration. †¢ To protect the interest of policy holders in all matters concerning nomination of policy, surrender value f policy, insurable interest, settlement of insurance claims, other terms and conditions of contract of insurance. †¢ Specifying requisite qualification and practical training for insurance intermediates and agents. Specifying code of conduct for surveyors and loss assessors. †¢ Promoting efficiency in the conduct of insurance business †¢ Promoting and regulating professional regulators connected with the insurance and reinsurance business. †¢ Specifying the form and manner in which books of accounts will be maintained and statement of accounts rendered by insurers and insurance intermediaries. †¢ Adjudication o f disputes between insurers and intermediates. †¢ Specifying the percentage of life insurance and general and general business to be undertaken by the insurers in rural or social sectors etc. Section 25 provides that Insurance Advisory Committee will be constituted and shall consist of not more than 25 members. Section 26 provides that Authority may in consultation with Insurance Advisory Committee make regulations consists with this Act and the rules made there under to carry the purpose of this Act. Section 29 seeks amendment in certain provisions of Insurance Act, 1938 in the manner as set out in First Schedule. The amendments to the Insurance Act are consequential in order to empower IRDA to effectively regulate, promote, and ensure orderly growth of the Insurance industry. Section 30 & 31seek to amend LIC Act 1956 and GIC Act 1972. IMPACT OF LIBERALIZATION While nationalized insurance companies have done a commendable job in extending volume of the business opening up of insurance sector to private players was a necessity in the context of liberalization of financial sector. If traditional infrastructural and semipublic goods industries such as banking, airlines, telecom, power etc. have significant private sector presence, continuing state monopoly in provision of insurance was indefensible and therefore, the privatization of insurance has been done as discussed earlier. Its impact has to be seen in the form of creating various opportunities and challenges. Opportunities 1. Privatization if Insurance was eliminated the monopolistic business of Life Insurance Corporation of India. It may help to cover the wide range of risk in general insurance and also in life insurance. It helps to introduce new range of products. 2. It would also result in better customer services and help improve the variety and price of insurance products. 3. The entry of new player would speed up the spread of both life and general insurance. It will increase the insurance penetration and measure of density. 4. Entry of private players will ensure the mobilization of funds that can be utilized for the purpose of infrastructure development. 5. Allowing of commercial banks into insurance business will help to mobilization of funds from the rural areas because of the availability of vast branches of the banks. 6. Most important not the least tremendous employment opportunities will be created in the field of insurance which is a burning problem of the presence day today issues. CURRENT SCENARIO : After opening up of insurance in private sector, various leading private companies including joint ventures have entered the fields of insurance both life and non-life business. Tata – AIG, Birla Sun life, HDFC standard life Insurance, Reliance General Insurance, Royal Sundaram Alliance Insurance, Bajaj Auto Alliance, IFFCO Tokio General Insurance, INA Vysya Life Insurance, SBI Life Insurance, Dabur CJU Life Insurance and Max New York Life. SBI Life insurance has launched three products Sanjeevan, Sukhjeevan and Young Sanjeevan so far and it has already sold 320 policies under its plan. CONCLUSION : From the above discussion we can conclude that the entry of private players in insurance business is needful and justifiable in order to enhance the efficiency of operations, achieving greater density and insurance coverage in the country and for a greater mobilization of long term savings for long gestation infrastructure prefects. New players should not be treated as rivalries to government companies, but they can supplement in achieving the objective of growth of insurance business in india. THE GROWTH OF INSURANCE INDUSTRY – POST LIBERALIZATION Prepared by :ashish